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Norman Mattoon Thomas (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America. == Early years == Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884 in Marion, Ohio, to Emma Williams Mattoon and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful Midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for Warren G. Harding's ''Marion Daily Star''.〔Kauffman, Bill (2010-08-01) (Up Against the Wall ), ''The American Conservative''〕 Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to Florence Kling Harding. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, which allowed Norman to attend Bucknell University. He left Bucknell after one year to attend Princeton University, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage.〔David A. Shannon, ''The Socialist Party of America: A History''. New York: Macmillan, 1955; pg. 189.〕 Thomas graduated ''magna cum laude'' from Princeton University in 1905.〔Johnpoll, Bernard K. ''Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism''. Quadrangle Books, 1970. pp 13.〕 After some settlement house work and a trip around the world, Thomas decided to follow in his father's footsteps and enrolled in Union Theological Seminary. He graduated from the seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911.〔Shannon, ''The Socialist Party of America'', pp. 189–190.〕 After assisting the Rev. Henry Van Dyke at the fashionable Brick Presbyterian Church on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue, Thomas was appointed as pastor for the East Harlem Presbyterian Church, ministering to Italian-American Protestants.〔''Current Biography 1945'', pages 688–91.〕 Union Theological Seminary had been at that time a center of the Social Gospel movement and liberal politics, and as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War. This pacifist stance led to his being shunned by many of his fellow alumni from Princeton, and opposed by some of the leadership of the Presbyterian Church in New York. When church funding of the American Parish's social programs was stopped, Thomas resigned his pastorate.〔''Current Biography 1945'', page 688.〕 Despite this resignation of his position, Thomas did not formally leave the ministry until 1931, after his mother's death.〔''Current Biography 1945'', page 688.〕 It was Thomas' position as a conscientious objector which drew him to the Socialist Party of America (SPA), a staunchly antimilitarist organization. When SPA leader Morris Hillquit made his campaign for Mayor of New York in 1917 on an anti-war platform, Thomas wrote to him expressing his good wishes. To his surprise, Hillquit wrote back, encouraging the young minister to work for his campaign, which Thomas energetically did.〔Shannon, ''The Socialist Party of America'', pg. 190.〕 Soon thereafter he himself joined the Socialist Party.〔Shannon, ''The Socialist Party of America'', pp. 190–191.〕 Despite his membership in the Marxist SPA, Thomas was never himself an orthodox Marxist, instead favoring a Christian socialist orientation.〔Shannon, ''The Socialist Party of America'', pg. 191.〕 Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation even before the war. When the organization started a magazine called ''The World Tomorrow'' in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor. Together with his co-thinker Devere Allen, Thomas helped to make ''The World Tomorrow'' the leading voice of liberal Christian social activism of its day.〔 In 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism, when he was employed as associate editor of ''The Nation'' magazine. In 1922 Thomas became co-director of the League for Industrial Democracy. Later, he was one of the founders of the National Civil Liberties Bureau, the precursor of the American Civil Liberties Union. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norman Thomas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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